Free-cycling vs. Recycling Books on Aging

by Nina

In my neighborhood, we�re big into free-cycling. For those of you who don�t know what that means, for us in Berkeley free-cycling means putting things you no longer want or can�t use�clothes, household goods, knickknacks, books, CDs, furniture, etc.�on the sidewalk so that anyone who wants them can simply pick them up and take it home. I�m both a giver and taker (have found some interesting things!), but mostly a giver. I�m so dedicated to this practice, that it almost hurts me to actually just recycle something (or, God forbid, throw something out). In fact, when a friend of mine was downsizing recently due to a divorce and I heard that she was planning to her old books to the dump, I begged her to give them to me so I could �get rid� of them for her by free-cycling them. And indeed as odd a collection of books as it was�old, new, fiction, non-fiction, obscure, common, young adult, super sophisticated.�it only took a matter of days before those hundreds of books were completely gone. 

So when Brad came home the other day with a stack of books on aging that a colleague of his had left behind, I sorted them into two piles: 1) scientific books about mechanisms of aging that I wanted to keep and 2) mass market books on �how to stay young forever� that I intended to free-cycle. Now if you�ve read our posts about aging you might be able to guess why I didn�t want to keep those stay young forever books. As I said in my post, What is Aging, Anyway? 

�if someone out there tells you they can �stop� or even �reverse� aging�I've heard both claims myself�you should be very skeptical. Because right now with so much unknown about aging, there is no proof that any of these anti-aging solutions are effective (and, in some cases, like overuse of certain supplements or human growth hormones, they could actually harm you).� 

And, of course, the very person who helped me understand the importance of that message and encouraged me to spread it was none other than my husband, Brad (aka Dr. Bradford Wayne Gibson), who for 16 years studied aging as a medical researcher at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging.

Anyway, after making my two stacks, I checked with Brad to see whether he agreed with my assessment. He gave me the thumbs up, except when I went to take the �how to stay young forever� books outside for free-cycling, he quickly grabbed them away from me. He said, �Oh, no, you don't. I don�t want ANYONE to read those books� and he tossed them all into the paper recycling bin. Whoa. I was shocked for a moment, but then the importance of his action really struck me. Yes, the irresponsible snake oil about aging that is written and published by people out to make a quick buck really does deserve to be reduced to a pulp. 

On Friday the recycling truck took away all the stay young forever books for processing, and one day soon they�ll have promising new lives as fresh, blank paper.

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How We Age

by Baxter and Nina

"And you may find yourself

Behind the wheel of a large automobile

And you may find yourself in a beautiful house

With a beautiful wife

And you may ask yourself, well

How did I get here?" � from �Once in a Lifetime� by the Talking Heads

All living things age, and every species has a natural, built-in life span. Although a giant tortoise and koi carp can live up to 200 years, the average life span of a human being is around 79 years, a cat lives to around 20, a dog to around 10, a mouse to around 2 years, a worm to only 10-30 days, and the legendary mayfly only a single day. But, no matter how brief, all these living things go through a natural aging process during their life spans (yes, even worms get all wrinkly in their old age), similar to the ones that we ourselves go through.

Life Span of a Worm by Arvind Ramanathan

So what exactly is this natural aging process? Many of us have been able to observe the entire arc of the process as we raised our family dogs. Do you remember something about how it went for Fido?

At the age of two, Fido was a young, healthy adult, with tons of energy, good eyesight, keen senses of smell and hearing, and a shiny coat. He was able to learn and remember quite a few commands, like �sit,� �down,� �fetch,� and �off.� His mind was alert and attentive to you and his environment, and there was an obvious delight in new discoveries and exploration. 

But by the age of five, Fido was already entering middle age, and his energy and vitality were probably noticeably slower. Although he still loved to go on those long hikes with you, you may have noticed that he was bounding less and just focused on maintaining a steady pace. And when he jumped up onto the couch or bed, he wasn�t quite as spry. There were other changes, too, like maybe his digestion wasn�t what it once was or he started having trouble with bladder control. And with his immune system beginning to age, maybe your once super healthy dog started experiencing more illness or infections.

By the age of eight to ten�depending on his size�Fido had become an old dog with a gray muzzle, heading into his final years. His energy and vitality were reduced even more, and though he still loved to go out and sniff things, those long hikes were a thing of the past. And he walked more slowly and stiffly, too, as his strength, flexibility, balance, and agility began to wane, and perhaps arthritis set in. His respiratory functioning diminished, so when he was very active, he became short of breath. And his keen hearing and eyesight also began to worsen (dogs even get cataracts, as do we). 

You might have needed to take Fido to the vet more often at this stage, as he developed more frequent infections or chronic illness, or any number of age-related conditions, such as heart problems, diabetes, digestive issues, obesity, or cancer. Perhaps even Fido�s mind wasn�t what it once was. He may have developed symptoms of cognitive dysfunction, such as confusion or disorientation, restlessness at night, loss of house training, decreased attentiveness, or not recognizing friends or family members.

Eventually the really sad part came, when you had to say goodbye. Fido died while you were still young, probably of a fatal illness, such as cancer, an overwhelming infection, or just heart failure due to old age. Yes, we know, it was a bit difficult to witness, wasn�t it? After Nina�s family dog died, her mother said there would be no more family dogs because the thought of going through that whole thing again was just too painful. But remembering it now will help you understand quite a lot about how humans age, something we�ve been getting into a lot lately on the blog (Your Immune System and Aging, Balance and Aging, Flexibility and Aging, and Aging Changes to Your Brain and Nervous System, among others).

As for why this happens, well, that�s a whole different story. See What is Aging, Anyway?

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Latest Info on Muscle and Bone Strength!

by Baxter and Nina

Strong Dream by Paul Klee

Just as the natural aging process affects all organs, structures, and systems of your body, aging also affects the strength of both your muscles and bones. Because both your muscles and bones contribute to your overall strength, loss in one is typically associated with loss in the other, so it�s equally important to actively maintain the strength of both. Fortunately, using yoga to maintain your muscle strength will help with bone strength and vice versa.

For our long-time readers, it�s true we�ve written about how aging affects strength a few times before. But recently, due to Nina�s fortuitous meeting with an expert in sarcopenia and age-related muscle loss, Dr. Christopher Adams (see Age-Related Muscle Loss: An Interview with Dr. Chris Adams), we realized that most of what we�ve written in the past wasn�t quite accurate. So this is our official redo! We hope this information clarifies things for you. What hasn�t changed, however, is our understanding of how effective yoga can be for maintaining both muscle and bone strength as we age. And Chris told Nina he had recently become convinced that he should start practicing himself!

Muscles

We have over 640 muscles in our body, and starting as early as our thirties, these muscles gradually lose strength. This natural aging process, called �skeletal muscle atrophy,� causes your muscle cells and fibers to become smaller and weaker, leading to a loss of muscle mass, quality, and strength. The rate at which we lose muscle strength varies from person to person, and is also influenced by:

• Behavioral factors. Working at a sedentary desk job or not exercising are the most obvious behaviors that contribute to loss of strength over time, although these can be counteracted by becoming more active.
• Genetic factors. Your body type can influence how weak you become with age, due to the natural size of your muscles when you are younger. If you tend to have larger muscles as a young adult, you simply have more muscle mass to lose as you age before you become weak. On the other hand, if you�re someone who tends not to bulk up easily, without intervention, you may become weaker more quickly as you age. Although you cannot change your body type, if you have not already started to do so, you can begin building up your muscles now as a preventative measure. Yoga�s strength building poses and techniques provide an excellent way to do this (see Techniques for Strength Building with Yoga). All things being equal, men and women likely have a similar rate of loss of muscle strength as they age, that is until women reach menopause, at which time the more rapid loss of bone they experience (see below) contributes to greater loss of muscle strength as well. So at that phase of life and even leading up to it, women need to be particularly focused on maintaining muscle strength.
• Environmental factors. Scarcity of healthy food (malnutrition, for example, worsens skeletal muscle atrophy) and environmental toxins are the most obvious environmental factors that can contribute to loss of strength, so if possible, try to keep yourself protected.

Although skeletal muscle atrophy is caused by aging itself, other factors, such as muscle disuse (sedentary lifestyle, joint injuries, arthritis, strokes), certain illnesses that affect nerve and blood supply to muscles or have other negative effects on muscles (diabetes, cancer, and chronic infections like HIV/AIDS, to name just a few), and medications that can weaken or damage muscles (such as prednisone and chemotherapy agents) can accelerate this process. So if you have any of these conditions, using yoga to address them�whether that means by simply start to move again or by actively improving your health, such as improving diabetes control through stress management and exercise�could slow down loss of strength over time. 

Sarcopenia. For some people�whether due to illness, long-time inactivity or just very advanced age�loss of muscle mass can become a serious problem if it falls well below the average muscle mass of the general population. This advanced stage of skeletal muscle atrophy is sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is the disease stage of skeletal muscle atrophy, just as osteopenia and osteoporosis are two disease stages of aging-related bone loss. 

Naturally, this serious loss of muscle mass�which is accompanied by significant muscle weakness�is something we want to avoid if at all possible because serious muscle weakness is of the main factors that can lead to loss of independence, not to mention of enjoyment of activities that you love. Fortunately, gentle forms of yoga can help even very elderly and weak people regain strength.

Bones

We have 204 bones in our skeletons and, like our muscles, those bones undergo changes as we age. Bones slowly and gradually become thinner and weaker as we age, though it is only when they reach a certain degree of thinness that a you are at greater risk of a fracture from a fall or prolonged poor postural habits (for example, wedge fractures in the thoracic spine). The rate at which we lose bone strength varies person to person, and is influenced by:

• Behavioral factors. The same behavioral factors that have a negative effect on muscle strength�such as working at a sedentary desk job or not exercising �contribute to bone loss over time, although these too can be counteracted by becoming more active.
• Genetic factors. Your body type can influence how weak your bones become with age. Some people just naturally have thinner bones, so they have less bone mass to lose before bones become weak and brittle. And for women hormonal changes during menopause accelerate the rate of bone loss, which is why more women develop osteoporosis after their fifties. Although you cannot change your body type or gender, if you have not already started to do so, you can begin strengthening your bones now as a preventative measure. Yoga�s strength building poses and techniques provide an excellent way to do this (see Techniques for Strength Building with Yoga).
• Environmental factors. The same environmental factors that have a negative effect on muscle strength�such as scarcity of healthy food and environmental toxins�can contribute to bone loss, so for both muscle and bone strength, try to keep yourself protected.

Osteoporosis. While everyone�s bones thin somewhat as they age, for many people, due to advanced age, illness or medications, or menopause for women, bone thinning can reach a critical point, called osteoporosis. At this stage, the bones are more vulnerable to fractures, which can then be slower to heal due to the bone�s thinness. (Osteopenia is the stage of bone loss just before full osteoporosis, when you are already starting to be at risk for fractures from falls, but not to the same degree as with osteoporosis.)

Because body type and gender influence how weak bones become with age, smaller-boned people and women in general are at greater risk of developing osteoporosis at younger ages than those with thicker, bigger bones or men. However, for people over 65, developing osteoporosis is very common, with up to 50% of women and 25 percent of men developing it. 

For those with osteoporosis, the bones of the thoracic spine (your mid-spine) are at greatest risk for fracture, followed by the wrist bones and the femur bone (thigh bone) in the hip joint. These fractures can lead to ongoing chronic pain, physical disability, and, particularly with hip fractures, premature death. Naturally this is something we�d all like to avoid. Fortunately, yoga strength building poses and techniques can actually reverse bone loss (see Techniques for Strength Building with Yoga) , and practicing yoga balance poses is helpful for preventing falls (see Techniques for Improving Balance).

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